Photoactive compounds

ABSTRACT

The present application relates to a compound of formula A-X-B, where (i) A-X-B form an ionic compound Ai Xi Bi where Ai and Bi are each individually an organic onium cation; and Xi is anion of the formula Q-R 500 —SO 3   −  or (ii) A-X-B form a non-ionic compound Ac-Xc-Bc, where Ai, Bi, Q, R 500 , Ac, Bc, and Xc are defined herein. The compounds are useful as photoactive materials.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No.11/179,886, filed Jul. 12, 2005, the contents of which are herebyincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel photoactive compounds useful inphotoresist compositions in the field of microlithography, andespecially useful for imaging negative and positive patterns in theproduction of semiconductor devices, as well as photoresist compositionsand processes for imaging photoresists.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Photoresist compositions are used in microlithography processes formaking miniaturized electronic components such as in the fabrication ofcomputer chips and integrated circuits. Generally, in these processes, athin coating of film of a photoresist composition is first applied to asubstrate material, such as silicon wafers used for making integratedcircuits. The coated substrate is then baked to evaporate any solvent inthe photoresist composition and to fix the coating onto the substrate.The photoresist coated on the substrate is next subjected to animage-wise exposure to radiation.

The radiation exposure causes a chemical transformation in the exposedareas of the coated surface. Visible light, ultraviolet (UV) light,electron beam and X-ray radiant energy are radiation types commonly usedtoday in microlithographic processes. After this image-wise exposure,the coated substrate is treated with a developer solution to dissolveand remove either the radiation exposed or the unexposed areas of thephotoresist. The trend toward the miniaturization of semiconductordevices has led to the use of new photoresists that are sensitive atlower and lower wavelengths of radiation and has also led to the use ofsophisticated multilevel systems to overcome difficulties associatedwith such miniaturization.

There are two types of photoresist compositions: negative-working andpositive-working. The type of photoresist used at a particular point inlithographic processing is determined by the design of the semiconductordevice. When negative-working photoresist compositions are exposedimage-wise to radiation, the areas of the photoresist compositionexposed to the radiation become less soluble to a developer solution(e.g. a cross-linking reaction occurs) while the unexposed areas of thephotoresist coating remain relatively soluble to such a solution. Thus,treatment of an exposed negative-working resist with a developer causesremoval of the non-exposed areas of the photoresist coating and thecreation of a negative image in the coating, thereby uncovering adesired portion of the underlying substrate surface on which thephotoresist composition was deposited.

On the other hand, when positive-working photoresist compositions areexposed image-wise to radiation, those areas of the photoresistcomposition exposed to the radiation become more soluble to thedeveloper solution (e.g. a rearrangement reaction occurs) while thoseareas not exposed remain relatively insoluble to the developer solution.Thus, treatment of an exposed positive-working photoresist with thedeveloper causes removal of the exposed areas of the coating and thecreation of a positive image in the photoresist coating. Again, adesired portion of the underlying surface is uncovered.

Photoresist resolution is defined as the smallest feature, which theresist composition can transfer from the photomask to the substrate witha high degree of image edge acuity after exposure and development. Inmany leading edge manufacturing applications today, photoresistresolution on the order of less than one-half micron are necessary. Inaddition, it is almost always desirable that the developed photoresistwall profiles be near vertical relative to the substrate. Suchdemarcations between developed and undeveloped areas of the resistcoating translate into accurate pattern transfer of the mask image ontothe substrate. This becomes even more critical as the push towardminiaturization reduces the critical dimensions on the devices. In caseswhere the photoresist dimensions have been reduced to below 150 nm, theroughness of the photoresist patterns has become a critical issue. Edgeroughness, commonly known as line edge roughness, is typically observedfor line and space patterns as roughness along the photoresist line, andfor contact holes as side wall roughness. Edge roughness can haveadverse effects on the lithographic performance of the photoresist,especially in reducing the critical dimension latitude and also intransferring the line edge roughness of the photoresist to thesubstrate. Hence, photoresists that minimize edge roughness are highlydesirable.

Photoresists sensitive to short wavelengths, between about 100 nm andabout 300 nm are often used where subhalfmicron geometries are required.

Particularly preferred are photoresists comprising non-aromaticpolymers, a photoacid generator, optionally a dissolution inhibitor, andsolvent.

High resolution, chemically amplified, deep ultraviolet (100-300 nm)positive and negative tone photoresists are available for patterningimages with less than quarter micron geometries. To date, there arethree major deep ultraviolet (UV) exposure technologies that haveprovided significant advancement in miniaturization, and these uselasers that emit radiation at 248 nm, 193 nm and 157 nm. Photoresistsused in the deep UV typically comprise a polymer which has an acidlabile group and which can deprotect in the presence of an acid, aphotoactive component which generates an acid upon absorption of light,and a solvent.

Photoresists for 248 nm have typically been based on substitutedpolyhydroxystyrene and its copolymers, such as those described in U.S.Pat. No. 4,491,628 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,660. On the other hand,photoresists for 193 nm exposure require non-aromatic polymers, sincearomatics are opaque at this wavelength. U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,624 and GB2,320,718 disclose photoresists useful for 193 nm exposure. Generally,polymers containing alicyclic hydrocarbons are used for photoresists forexposure below 200 nm. Alicyclic hydrocarbons are incorporated into thepolymer for many reasons, primarily since they have relatively highcarbon:hydrogen ratios which improve etch resistance, they also providetransparency at low wavelengths and they have relatively high glasstransition temperatures. Photoresists sensitive at 157 nm have beenbased on fluorinated polymers, which are known to be substantiallytransparent at that wavelength. Photoresists derived from polymerscontaining fluorinated groups are described in WO 00/67072 and WO00/17712.

The polymers used in a photoresist are designed to be transparent to theimaging wavelength, but on the other hand, the photoactive component hasbeen typically designed to be absorbing at the imaging wavelength tomaximize photosensitivity. The photosensitivity of the photoresist isdependent on the absorption characteristics of the photoactivecomponent, the higher the absorption, the less the energy required togenerate the acid, and the more photosensitive is the photoresist.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a compound of the formulaA-X-B(i) where A-X-B form an ionic compound Ai Xi Bi,where Ai and Bi are each individually an organic onium cation; andXi is anion of the formulaQ-R₅₀₀—SO₃ ⁻where Q is selected from ⁻O₃S and ⁻O₂C; andR₅₀₀ is a group selected from linear or branched alkyl, cycloalkyl,aryl, or combinations thereof, optionally containing a catenary S or N,where the alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl groups are unsubstituted orsubstituted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted C₁₋₈ perfluoroalkyl, hydroxyl, cyano, sulfate, and nitro;andwhere the organic onium cation is selected from

andY—Arwhere Ar is selected from

naphthyl, or anthryl;Y is selected from

—I⁺-naphtyl, —I⁺-anthryl: or(ii) where A-X-B form a non-ionic compound Ac-Xc-Bc,where Ac and Bc are each individually selected from—SO₂—(C(X2)₂)_(m)—R₆₀₀, —O—CHX3—R₇₀₀, —C(═N₂)—SO₂—R₆₀₀, and

where R₆₀₀ is selected from straight or branched alkyl chain optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl, or

where R₇₀₀ is selected from straight or branched alkyl chain optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl, or

U is C₁ to C₄ unsubstituted or substituted alkylene;Xc is

where R₅₀₀ is defined above; where R₁, R₂, R₃, R_(1A), R_(1B), R_(1C),R_(2A), R_(2B), R_(2C), R_(2D), R_(3A), R_(3B), R_(3C), R_(3D), R_(4A),R_(4B), R_(4C), R_(4D), R_(5A), R_(5B) and R_(5C), are eachindependently selected from Z, hydrogen, OSO₂R₉, OR₂₀, straight orbranched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or moreO atoms, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl,arylcarbonylmethyl group, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl,alkylcarbonyl, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl withthe cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxyalkyl with the cycloalkyl ringoptionally containing one or more O atoms, straight or branchedperfluoroalkyl, monocycloperfluoroalkyl or polycycloperfluoroalkyl,straight or branched alkoxy chain, nitro, cyano, halogen, carboxyl,hydroxyl, sulfate, tresyl, or hydroxyl; either (i) one of R_(1D) orR_(5D) is nitro with the other being selected from hydrogen, straight orbranched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or moreO atoms, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl,straight or branched perfluoroalkyl, monocycloperfluoroalkyl orpolycycloperfluoroalkyl, arylcarbonylmethyl group, cyano, or hydroxyl or(ii) both of R_(1D) and R_(5D) are nitro;R₆ and R₇ are each independently selected from straight or branchedalkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl, straightor branched perfluoroalkyl, monocycloperfluoroalkyl orpolycycloperfluoroalkyl, arylcarbonylmethyl group, nitro, cyano, orhydroxyl or R₆ and R₇ together with the S atom to which they areattached form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated or unsaturated ringoptionally containing one or more O atoms;R₉ is selected from alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl,fluoroaryl, perfluoroaryl, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group withthe cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocyclofluoroalkyl or polycyclofluoroalkyl group with the cycloalkylring optionally containing one or more O atoms, ormonocycloperfluoralkyl or polycycloperfluoroalkyl group with thecycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms;R₂₀ is alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, monocycloalkyl-or polycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, or monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkyloxyalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionally containingone or more O atoms;T is a direct bond, a divalent straight or branched alkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms, divalent aryl, divalentaralkyl, or divalent monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms;Z is —(V)_(j)—(C(X11)(X12))_(n)—O—C(═O)R₈, where either (i) one of X11or X12 is straight or branched alkyl chain containing at least onefluorine atom and the other is hydrogen, halogen, or straight orbranched alkyl chain or (ii) both of X11 and X12 are straight orbranched alkyl chain containing at least one fluorine atom;V is a linkage group selected from a direct bond, a divalent straight orbranched alkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, divalentaryl group, divalent aralkyl group, or divalent monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms;X2 is hydrogen, halogen, or straight or branched alkyl chain optionallycontaining one or more O atoms;R₈ is a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one ormore O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, or aryl;X3 is hydrogen, straight or branched alkyl chain, halogen, cyano, or—C(═O)—R₅₀ where R₅₀ is selected from straight or branched alkyl chainoptionally containing one or more O atoms or —O—R₅₁ where R₅₁ ishydrogen or straight or branched alkyl chain;each of i and k are independently 0 or a positive integer;j is 0 to 10;m is 0 to 10;and n is 0 to 10,the alkyl, straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one ormore O atoms, straight or branched alkyl chain, straight or branchedalkoxy chain, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkylcarbonyl group, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl,alkylcarbonyl, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl withthe cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxyalkyl with the cycloalkyl ringoptionally containing one or more O atoms, aralkyl, aryl, naphthyl,anthryl, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated or unsaturated ring optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, or arylcarbonylmethyl group beingunsubstituted or substituted by one or more groups selected from thegroup consisting of Z, halogen, alkyl, C₁₋₈ perfluoroalkyl,monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group, OR₂₀, alkoxy, C₃₋₂₀ cyclicalkoxy, dialkylamino, dicyclic dialkylamino, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro,tresyl, oxo, aryl, aralkyl, oxygen atom, CF₃SO₃, aryloxy, arylthio, andgroups of formulae (II) to (VI):

wherein R₁₀ and R₁₁ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, astraight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more Oatoms, or a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containingone or more O atoms, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ together can represent an alkylenegroup to form a five- or six-membered ring;R₁₂ represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containingone or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, or aralkyl, or R₁₀ and R₁₂ togetherrepresent an alkylene group which forms a five- or six-membered ringtogether with the interposing —C—O— group, the carbon atom in the ringbeing optionally substituted by an oxygen atom;R₁₃ represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containingone or more O atoms or a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms;R₁₄ and R₁₅ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight orbranched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms or amonocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or moreO atoms;R₁₆ represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containingone or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, aryl, or aralkyl; andR₁₇ represents straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containingone or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, aryl, aralkyl, the group —Si(R₁₆)₂R₁₇,or the group —O—Si(R₁₆)₂R₁₇, the straight or branched alkyl chainoptionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, aryl,and aralkyl being unsubstituted or substituted as above.

The compound A-X-B where A-X-B is the ionic compound Ai Xi Bi ispreferred.

The present invention also relates to a photoresist compositioncomprising a polymer containing an acid labile group and a compound asdescribed above.

The photoresist composition can optionally contain a second photoacidgenerator having the formula Ai Xi1 where Ai is as defined above and Xi1is an anion selected from CF₃SO₃ ⁻, CHF₂SO₃ ⁻, CH₃SO₃ ⁻, CCl₃SO₃ ⁻,C₂F₅SO₃ ⁻, C₂HF₄SO₃ ⁻, C₄F₉SO₃ ⁻, camphor sulfonate, perfluorooctanesulfonate, benzene sulfonate, pentafluorobenzene sulfonate, toluenesulfonate, perfluorotoluene sulfonate, (Rf1SO₂)₃C⁻ and (Rf1SO₂)₂N⁻,wherein each Rf1 is independently selected from the group consisting ofhighly fluorinated or perfluorinated alkyl or fluorinated aryl radicalsand may be cyclic, when a combination of any two Rf1 groups are linkedto form a bridge, further, the Rf1 alkyl chains contain from 1-20 carbonatoms and may be straight, branched, or cyclic, such that divalentoxygen, trivalent nitrogen or hexavalent sulfur may interrupt theskeletal chain, further when Rf1 contains a cyclic structure, suchstructure has 5 or 6 ring members, optionally, 1 or 2 of which areheteroatoms, and Rg-O—Rf2-SO₃—, where Rf2 is selected from the groupconsisting of linear or branched (CF₂)_(j) where j is an integer from 4to 10 and C₁-C₁₂ cycloperfluoroalkyl divalent radical which isoptionally perfluoroC₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted, Rg is selected from thegroup consisting of C₁-C₂₀ linear, branched, monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl, C₁-C₂₀ linear, branched, monocycloalkenyl orpolycycloalkenyl, aryl, and aralkyl, the alkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl andaryl groups being unsubstituted, substituted, optionally containing oneor more catenary oxygen atoms, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated.Examples of such anions Xi1 include (C₂F₅SO₂)₂N⁻, (C₄F₉SO₂)₂N⁻,(C₈F₁₇SO₂)₃C⁻, (CF₃SO₂)₃C⁻, (CF₃SO₂)₂N⁻, (CF₃SO₂)₂(C₄F₉SO₂)C⁻,(C₂F₅SO₂)₃C⁻, (C₄F₉SO₂)₃C⁻, (CF₃SO₂)₂(C₂F₅SO₂)C⁻, (C₄F₉SO₂)(C₂F₅SO₂)₂C⁻,(CF₃SO₂)(C₄F₉SO₂)N⁻, [(CF₃)₂NC₂F₄SO₂]₂N⁻, (CF₃)₂NC₂F₄SO₂C⁻(SO₂CF₃)₂,(3,5-bis(CF₃)C₆H₃)SO₂N—SO₂CF₃, C₆F₅SO₂C—(SO₂CF₃)₂, C₆F₅SO₂N—SO₂CF₃,

CF₃CHFO(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, CF₃CH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, CH₃CH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻,CH₃CH₂CH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, CH₃O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, C₂H₅O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, C₄H₉O(CF₂)₄SO₃⁻, C₆H₅CH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, C₂H₅OCF₂CF(CF₃)SO₃ ⁻, CH₂═CHCH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻,CH₃OCF₂CF(CF₃)SO₃ ⁻, C₄H₉OCF₂CF(CF₃)SO₃ ⁻, C₈H₁₇(CF₂)₂SO₃ ⁻, andC₄H₉O(CF₂)₂SO₃ ⁻. Other examples of suitable anions can be found in U.S.Pat. No. 6,841,333 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,616.

Examples of Ai Xi1 include bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)bis-perfluoroethane sulfonamide, diphenyliodoniumtrifluoromethane sulfonate, diphenyliodonium nonafluorobutane sulfonate,triphenylsulfonium trifluromethane sulfonate, triphenylsulfoniumnonafluorobutane sulfonate and the like as well as other photoacidgenerators known to those skilled in the art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a compound of the formulaA-X-B(i) where A-X-B form an ionic compound Ai Xi Bi,where Ai and Bi are each individually an organic onium cation; andXi is anion of the formulaQ-R₅₀₀—SO₃ ⁻where Q is selected from ⁻O₃S and ⁻O₂C; andR₅₀₀ is a group selected from linear or branched alkyl, cycloalkyl,aryl, or combinations thereof, optionally containing a catenary S or N,where the alkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl groups are unsubstituted orsubstituted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting ofhalogen, unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted C₁₋₈ perfluoroalkyl, hydroxyl, cyano, sulfate, and nitro;andwhere the organic onium cation is selected from

andY—Arwhere Ar is selected from

naphthyl, or anthryl;

-   Y is selected from    —I⁺-naphtyl, —I⁺-anthryl;    or    (ii) where A-X-B form a non-ionic compound Ac-Xc-Bc,    where Ac and Bc are each individually selected from    —SO₂—(C(X2)₂)_(m)—R₆₀₀, —O—CHX3—R₇₀₀, —C(═N₂)—SO₂—R₆₀₀, and    where R₆₀₀ is selected from straight or branched alkyl chain    optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl or    polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms,    monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl, or    where R₇₀₀ is selected from straight or branched alkyl chain    optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl or    polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms,    monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl, or

U is C₁ to C₄ unsubstituted or substituted alkylene;Xc is

where R₅₀₀ is defined above; where R₁, R₂, R₃, R_(1A), R_(1B), R_(1C),R_(2A), R_(2B), R_(2C), R_(2D), R_(3A), R_(3B), R_(3C), R_(3D), R_(4A),R_(4B), R_(4C), R_(4D), R_(5A), R_(5B) and R_(5C), are eachindependently selected from Z, hydrogen, OSO₂R₉, OR₂₀, straight orbranched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or moreO atoms, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl,arylcarbonylmethyl group, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl,alkylcarbonyl, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl withthe cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxyalkyl with the cycloalkyl ringoptionally containing one or more O atoms, straight or branchedperfluoroalkyl, monocycloperfluoroalkyl or polycycloperfluoroalkyl,straight or branched alkoxy chain, nitro, cyano, halogen, carboxyl,hydroxyl, sulfate, tresyl, or hydroxyl; either (i) one of R_(1D) orR_(5D) is nitro with the other being selected from hydrogen, straight orbranched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or moreO atoms, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl,straight or branched perfluoroalkyl, monocycloperfluoroalkyl orpolycycloperfluoroalkyl, arylcarbonylmethyl group, cyano, or hydroxyl or(ii) both of R_(1D) and R_(5D) are nitro;R₆ and R₇ are each independently selected from straight or branchedalkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl, straightor branched perfluoroalkyl, monocycloperfluoroalkyl orpolycycloperfluoroalkyl, arylcarbonylmethyl group, nitro, cyano, orhydroxyl or R₆ and R₇ together with the S atom to which they areattached form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated or unsaturated ringoptionally containing one or more O atoms;R₉ is selected from alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl, aryl,fluoroaryl, perfluoroaryl, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group withthe cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocyclofluoroalkyl or polycyclofluoroalkyl group with the cycloalkylring optionally containing one or more O atoms, ormonocycloperfluoralkyl or polycycloperfluoroalkyl group with thecycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms;R₂₀ is alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, monocycloalkyl-or polycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, or monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkyloxyalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionally containingone or more O atoms;T is a direct bond, a divalent straight or branched alkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms, divalent aryl group, divalentaralkyl group, or divalent monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms;Z is —(V)_(j)—(C(X11)(X12))_(n)—O—C(═O)R₈, where either (i) one of X11or X12 is straight or branched alkyl chain containing at least onefluorine atom and the other is hydrogen, halogen, or straight orbranched alkyl chain or (ii) both of X11 and X12 are straight orbranched alkyl chain containing at least one fluorine atom;V is a linkage group selected from a direct bond, a divalent straight orbranched alkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, divalentaryl group, divalent aralkyl group, or divalent monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms;X2 is hydrogen, halogen, or straight or branched alkyl chain optionallycontaining one or more O atoms;R₈ is a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one ormore O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, or aryl;X3 is hydrogen, straight or branched alkyl chain, halogen, cyano, or—C(═O)—R₅₀ where R₅₀ is selected from straight or branched alkyl chainoptionally containing one or more O atoms or —O—R₅₁ where R₅₁ ishydrogen or straight or branched alkyl chain; each of i and k areindependently 0 or a positive integer;j is 0 to 10;m is 0 to 10;and n is 0 to 10,the alkyl, straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one ormore O atoms, straight or branched alkyl chain, straight or branchedalkoxy chain, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkylcarbonyl group, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl,alkylcarbonyl, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl withthe cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxyalkyl with the cycloalkyl ringoptionally containing one or more O atoms, aralkyl, aryl, naphthyl,anthryl, 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated or unsaturated ring optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, or arylcarbonylmethyl group beingunsubstituted or substituted by one or more groups selected from thegroup consisting of Z, halogen, alkyl, C₁₋₈ perfluoroalkyl,monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group, OR₂₀, alkoxy, C₃₋₂₀ cyclicalkoxy, dialkylamino, dicyclic dialkylamino, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro,tresyl, oxo, aryl, aralkyl, oxygen atom, CF₃SO₃, aryloxy, arylthio, andgroups of formulae (II) to (VI):

wherein R₁₀ and R₁₁ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, astraight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more Oatoms, or a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containingone or more O atoms, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ together can represent an alkylenegroup to form a five- or six-membered ring;R₁₂ represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containingone or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, or aralkyl, or R₁₀ and R₁₂ togetherrepresent an alkylene group which forms a five- or six-membered ringtogether with the interposing —C—O— group, the carbon atom in the ringbeing optionally substituted by an oxygen atom;R₁₃ represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containingone or more O atoms or a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms;R₁₄ and R₁₅ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight orbranched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms or amonocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or moreO atoms;R₁₆ represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containingone or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, aryl, or aralkyl; andR₁₇ represents straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containingone or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, aryl, aralkyl, the group —Si(R₁₆)₂R₁₇,or the group —O—Si(R₁₆)₂R₁₇, the straight or branched alkyl chainoptionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, aryl,and aralkyl being unsubstituted or substituted as above.

The compound A-X-B where A-X-B is the ionic compound Ai Xi Bi ispreferred.

The present invention also relates to a photoresist compositioncomprising a polymer containing an acid labile group and a compound asdescribed above.

The photoresist composition can optionally contain a second photoacidgenerator having the formula Ai Xi1 where Ai is as defined above and Xi1is an anion selected from CF₃SO₃ ⁻, CHF₂SO₃ ⁻, CH₃SO₃ ⁻, CCl₃SO₃ ⁻,C₂F₅SO₃ ⁻, C₂HF₄SO₃ ⁻, C₄F₉SO₃ ⁻, camphor sulfonate, perfluorooctanesulfonate, benzene sulfonate, pentafluorobenzene sulfonate, toluenesulfonate, perfluorotoluene sulfonate, (Rf1SO₂)₃C⁻ and (Rf1SO₂)₂N⁻,wherein each Rf1 is independently selected from the group consisting ofhighly fluorinated or perfluorinated alkyl or fluorinated aryl radicalsand may be cyclic, when a combination of any two Rf1 groups are linkedto form a bridge, further, the Rf1 alkyl chains contain from 1-20 carbonatoms and may be straight, branched, or cyclic, such that divalentoxygen, trivalent nitrogen or hexavalent sulfur may interrupt theskeletal chain, further when Rf1 contains a cyclic structure, suchstructure has 5 or 6 ring members, optionally, 1 or 2 of which areheteroatoms, and Rg-O—Rf2-SO₃ ⁻, where Rf2 is selected from the groupconsisting of linear or branched (CF₂)_(j) where j is an integer from 4to 10 and C₁-C₁₂ cycloperfluoroalkyl divalent radical which isoptionally perfluoroC₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted, Rg is selected from thegroup consisting of C₁-C₂₀ linear, branched, monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl, C₁-C₂₀ linear, branched, monocycloalkenyl orpolycycloalkenyl, aryl, and aralkyl, the alkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl andaryl groups being unsubstituted, substituted, optionally containing oneor more catenary oxygen atoms, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated.Examples of such anions Xi1 include (C₂F₅SO₂)₂N⁻, (C₄F₉SO₂)₂N⁻,(C₈F₁₇SO₂)₃C⁻, (CF₃SO₂)₃C⁻, (CF₃SO₂)₂N⁻, (CF₃SO₂)₂(C₄F₉SO₂)C⁻,(C₂F₅SO₂)₃C⁻, (C₄F₉SO₂)₃C⁻, (CF₃SO₂)₂(C₂F₅SO₂)C⁻, (C₄F₉SO₂)(C₂F₅SO₂)₂C⁻,(CF₃SO₂)(C₄F₉SO₂)N⁻, [(CF₃)₂NC₂F₄SO₂]₂N⁻, (CF₃)₂NC₂F₄SO₂C⁻(SO₂CF₃)₂,(3,5-bis(CF₃)C₆H₃)SO₂N⁻SO₂CF₃, C₆F₅SO₂C⁻(SO₂CF₃)₂, C₆F₅SO₂N⁻SO₂CF₃,

CF₃CHFO(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, CF₃CH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃—, CH₃CH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻,CH₃CH₂CH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, CH₃O(CF₂)₄SO₃, C₂H₅O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, C₄H₉O(CF₂)₄SO₃⁻, C₆H₅CH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, C₂H₅OCF₂CF(CF₃)SO₃ ⁻, CH₂═CHCH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻,CH₃OCF₂CF(CF₃)SO₃ ⁻, C₄H₉OCF₂CF(CF₃)SO₃ ⁻, C₈H₁₇O(CF₂)₂SO₃, andC₄H₉O(CF₂)₂SO₃ ⁻. Other examples of suitable anions can be found in U.S.Pat. No. 6,841,333 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,616.

Examples of Ai Xi1 include bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)bis-perfluoroethane sulfonamide, diphenyliodoniumtrifluoromethane sulfonate, diphenyliodonium nonafluorobutane sulfonate,triphenylsulfonium trifluromethane sulfonate, triphenylsulfoniumnonafluorobutane sulfonate and the like as well as other photoacidgenerators known to those skilled in the art.

The term alkyl as used herein means a straight or branched chainhydrocarbon. Representative examples of alkyl include, but are notlimited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl,iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl,3-methylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl, n-heptyl,n-octyl, n-nonyl, and n-decyl.

Alkylene refers to divalent alkyl radicals, which can be linear orbranched, such as, for example, methylene, ethylene, propylene, butyleneor the like.

By the term aryl is meant a radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbonby the elimination of one atom of hydrogen and can be substituted orunsubstituted. The aromatic hydrocarbon can be mononuclear orpolynuclear. Examples of aryl of the mononuclear type include phenyl,tolyl, xylyl, mesityl, cumenyl, and the like. Examples of aryl of thepolynuclear type include naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, and the like.The aryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted as provided forhereinabove.

The term alkoxy refers to a group of alkyl-O—, where alkyl is definedherein. Representative examples of alkoxy include, but are not limitedto, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, 2-propoxy, butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy,and hexyloxy.

The term aryloxy refers to a group of aryl-O—, where aryl is definedherein.

By the term aralkyl is meant an alkyl group containing an aryl group. Itis a hydrocarbon group having both aromatic and aliphatic structures,that is, a hydrocarbon group in which a lower alkyl hydrogen atom issubstituted by a mononuclear or polynuclear aryl group. Examples ofaralkyl groups include, without limitation, benzyl, 2-phenyl-ethyl,3-phenyl-propyl, 4-phenyl-butyl, 5-phenyl-pentyl, 4-phenylcyclohexyl,4-benzylcyclohexyl, 4-phenylcyclohexylmethyl, 4-benzylcyclohexylmethyl,naphthylmethyl, and the like.

The term monocycloalkyl as used herein, refers to an optionallysubstituted, saturated or partially unsaturated monocycloalkyl ringsystem, where if the ring is partially unsaturated, it is then amonocycloalkenyl group. The term polycycloalkyl as used herein refers toan optionally substituted, saturated or partially unsaturatedpolycycloalkyl ring system containing two or more rings, where if thering is partially unsaturated, it is then a polycycloalkenyl group.Examples of monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groups optionallycontaining one or more O atoms are well know to those skilled in the artand include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cycloheptyl, cyclohexyl, 2-methyl-2-norbornyl, 2-ethyl-2-norbornyl,2-methyl-2-isobornyl, 2-ethyl-2-isobornyl, 2-methyl-2-adamantyl,2-ethyl-2-adamantyl, 1-adamantyl-1-methylethyl, adamantyl,tricyclodecyl, 3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]nonyl, tetracyclododecanyl,tetracyclo[5.2.2.0.0]undecanyl, bornyl, isobornyl norbornyl lactone,adamantyl lactone and the like.

The term alkoxycarbonylalkyl embraces alkyl radicals substituted with analkoxycarbonyl radical as defined herein. Examples ofalkoxycarbonylalkyl radicals include methoxycarbonylmethyl[CH₃O—C(═O)CH₂—], ethoxycarbonylmethyl [CH₃CH₂O—C(═O)—CH₂—],methoxycarbonylethyl [CH₃O—C(═O)—CH₂CH₂—], and ethoxycarbonylethyl[CH₃CH₂O—C(═O)—CH₂CH₂—].

The term alkylcarbonyl as used herein means an alkyl group, as definedherein, appended to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonylgroup, as defined herein, which can be generically represented asalkyl-C(O)—. Representative examples of alkylcarbonyl include, but arenot limited to acetyl (methyl carbonyl), butyryl (propylcarbonyl),octanoyl (heptylcarbonyl), dodecanoyl (undecylcarbonyl), and the like.

Alkoxycarbonyl means alkyl-O—C(O)—, wherein alkyl is as previouslydescribed. Non-limiting examples include methoxycarbonyl [CH₃O—C(O)—]and the ethoxycarbonyl [CH₃CH₂O—C(O)—], benzyloxycarbonyl[C₆H₅CH₂O—C(O)—] and the like.

Alkoxyalkyl means that a terminal alkyl group is linked through an etheroxygen atom to an alkyl moiety, which can be generically represented asalkyl-O-alkyl wherein the alkyl groups can be linear or branched.Examples of alkoxyalkyl include, but are not limited to, methoxypropyl,methoxybutyl, ethoxypropyl, methoxymethyl

Monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl means that a terminalmonocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group is linked through —O—C(═O)— to analkyl moiety, generically represented as monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkyl-O—C(═O)alkyl.

Monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxyalkyl means that a terminalmonocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group is linked through an ether oxygenatom to an alkyl moiety, which can be generically represented asmonocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyl-O-alkyl.

Monocyclofluoroalkyl- or polycyclofluoroalkyl means a monocyclalkyl- orpolycycloalkyl group substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.

Polymers useful in the photoresist compositions include those that haveacid labile groups that make the polymer insoluble in aqueous alkalinesolution, but such a polymer in the presence of an acid catalyticallydeprotects the polymer, wherein the polymer then becomes soluble in anaqueous alkaline solution. The polymers preferably are transparent below200 nm, and are essentially non-aromatic, and preferably are acrylatesand/or cycloolefin polymers. Such polymers are, for example, but notlimited to, those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,624, U.S. Pat. No.5,879,857, WO 97/33,198, EP 789,278 and GB 2,332,679. Nonaromaticpolymers that are preferred for irradiation below 200 nm are substitutedacrylates, cycloolefins, substituted polyethylenes, etc. Aromaticpolymers based on polyhydroxystyrene and its copolymers may also beused, especially for 248 nm exposure.

Polymers based on acrylates are generally based on poly(meth)acrylateswith at least one unit containing pendant alicyclic groups, and with theacid labile group being pendant from the polymer backbone and/or fromthe alicyclic group. Examples of pendant alicyclic groups, may beadamantyl, tricyclodecyl, isobornyl, menthyl and their derivatives.Other pendant groups may also be incorporated into the polymer, such asmevalonic lactone, gamma butyrolactone, alkyloxyalkyl, etc. Examples ofstructures for the alicyclic group include:

The type of monomers and their ratios incorporated into the polymer areoptimized to give the best lithographic performance. Such polymers aredescribed in R. R. Dammel et al., Advances in Resist Technology andProcessing, SPIE, Vol. 3333, p144, (1998). Examples of these polymersinclude poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-mevalonic lactonemethacrylate), poly(carboxy-tetracyclododecylmethacrylate-co-tetrahydropyranylcarboxytetracyclododecyl methacrylate),poly(tricyclodecylacrylate-co-tetrahydropyranylmethacrylate-co-methacrylicacid),poly(3-oxocyclohexyl methacrylate-co-adamantylmethacrylate).

Polymers synthesized from cycloolefins, with norbornene andtetracyclododecene derivatives, may be polymerized by ring-openingmetathesis, free-radical polymerization or using metal organiccatalysts. Cycloolefin derivatives may also be copolymerized with cyclicanhydrides or with maleimide or its derivatives. Examples of cyclicanhydrides are maleic anhydride (MA) and itaconic anhydride. Thecycloolefin is incorporated into the backbone of the polymer and may beany substituted or unsubstituted multicyclic hydrocarbon containing anunsaturated bond. The monomer can have acid labile groups attached. Thepolymer may be synthesized from one or more cycloolefin monomers havingan unsaturated bond. The cycloolefin monomers may be substituted orunsubstituted norbornene, or tetracyclododecane. The substituents on thecycloolefin may be aliphatic or cycloaliphatic alkyls, esters, acids,hydroxyl, nitrile or alkyl derivatives. Examples of cycloolefinmonomers, without limitation, include:

Other cycloolefin monomers which may also be used in synthesizing thepolymer are:

Such polymers are described in the following reference and incorporatedherein, M-D. Rahman et al, Advances in Resist Technology and Processing,SPIE, Vol. 3678, p1193, (1999). Examples of these polymers includepoly((t-butyl-5-norbornene-2-carboxylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl-5-norbornene-2-carboxylate-co-5-norbornene-2-carboxylicacid-co-maleic anhydride),poly(t-butyl-5-norbornene-2-carboxylate-co-isobornyl-5-norbornene-2-carboxylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl-5-norbornene-2-carboxylate-co-5-norbornene-2-carboxylicacid-co-maleic anhydride),poly(tetracyclododecene-5-carboxylate-co-maleic anhydride),poly(t-butyl-5-norbornene-2-carboxylate-co-maleicanhydride-co-2-methyladamantyl methacrylate-co-2-mevalonic lactonemethacrylate), poly(2-methyladamantyl methacrylate-co-2-mevaloniclactone methacylate) and the like.

Polymers containing mixtures of (meth)acrylate monomers, cycloolefinicmonomers and cyclic anhydrides, where such monomers are described above,may also be combined into a hybrid polymer. Examples of cycloolefinmonomers include those selected from t-butyl norbornene carboxylate(BNC), hydroxyethyl norbornene carboxylate (HNC), norbornene carboxylicacid (NC),t-butyltetracyclo[4.4.0.1.^(2,6)1.^(7,10)]dodec-8-ene-3-carboxylate, andt-butoxy carbonylmethyltetracyclo[4.4.0.1.^(2,6)1.^(7,10)]dodec-8-ene-3-carboxylate. In someinstances, preferred examples of cycloolefins include t-butyl norbornenecarboxylate (BNC), hydroxyethyl norbornene carboxylate (HNC), andnorbornene carboxylic acid (NC). Examples of (meth)acrylate monomersinclude those selected from mevalonic lactone methacrylate (MLMA),2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate (MAdMA), 2-adamantyl methacrylate(AdMA), 2-methyl-2-adamantyl acrylate (MAdA), 2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate (EAdMA), 3,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxy adamantyl methacrylate(DMHAdMA), isoadamantyl methacrylate, hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamatane(HAdMA; for example, hydroxy at the 3-position), hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate (HADA; for example, hydroxy at the 3-position),ethylcyclopentylacrylate (ECPA), ethylcyclopentylmethacrylate (ECPMA),tricyclo[5,2,1,0^(2,6)]deca-8-yl methacrylate (TCDMA),3,5-dihydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane (DHAdMA),β-methacryloxy-γ-butyrolactone, α- or β-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate(either α- or β-GBLMA), 5-methacryloyloxy-2,6-norbornanecarbolactone(MNBL), 5-acryloyloxy-2,6-norbornanecarbolactone (ANBL),isobutylmethacrylate (IBMA), α-gamma-butyrolactone acrylate (α-GBLA),spirolactone (meth)acrylate, oxytricyclodecane (meth)acrylate,adamantane lactone (meth)acrylate, and α-methacryloxy-γ-butyrolactone,among others. Examples of polymers formed with these monomers includepoly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); poly(t-butyl norbornene carboxylate-co-maleicanhydride-co-2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-methacryloyloxy norbornene methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,0^(2,6)]deca-8-yl methacrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-β-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,0^(2,6)]deca-8-yl methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3,5-dihydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxy adamantylmethacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,0^(2,6)]deca-8-yl methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-ethylcyclopentylacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,0^(2,6)]deca-8-yl methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-methacryloyloxy norbornenemethacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate);poly(ethylcyclopentylmethacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone acrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-isobutyl methacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone acrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]deca-8-yl methacrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone acrylate); poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-βgamma-butyrolactone methacrylate-co-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamatane);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-methacryloyloxy norbornenemethacrylate-co-β-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate-co-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamatane);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-methacryloyloxy norbornenemethacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]deca-8-ylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamatane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]deca-8-ylmethacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone acrylate); poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamatane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantyl-co-methacrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,0^(2,6)]deca-8-yl methacrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-5-acryloyloxy-2,6-norbornanecarbolactone);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactoneacrylate); poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl acrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-2-adamantyl methacrylate); and poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl acrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactoneacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]deca-8-yl methacrylate).

Other examples of suitable polymers include those described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,610,465, 6,120,977, 6,136,504, 6,013,416, 5,985,522, 5,843,624,5,693,453, 4,491,628, WO 00/25178, WO 00/67072, JP 2000-275845, JP2000-137327, and JP 09-73173 which are incorporated herein by reference.Blends of one or more photoresist resins may be used. Standard syntheticmethods are typically employed to make the various types of suitablepolymers. Procedures or references to suitable standard procedures(e.g., free radical polymerization) can be found in the aforementioneddocuments.

The cycloolefin and the cyclic anhydride monomer are believed to form analternating polymeric structure, and the amount of the (meth)acrylatemonomer incorporated into the polymer can be varied to give the optimallithographic properties. The percentage of the (meth)acrylate monomerrelative to the cycloolefin/anhydride monomers within the polymer rangesfrom about 95 mole % to about 5 mole %, further ranging from about 75mole % to about 25 mole %, and also further ranging from about 55 mole %to about 45 mole %.

Fluorinated non-phenolic polymers, useful for 157 nm exposure, alsoexhibit line edge roughness and can benefit from the use of the novelmixture of photoactive compounds described in the present invention.Such polymers are described in WO 00/17712 and WO 00/67072 andincorporated herein by reference. Example of one such polymer ispoly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-norbornene-co-5-hexafluoroisopropanol-substituted2-norbornene.

Polymers synthesized from cycloolefins and cyano containing ethylenicmonomers are described in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,429, the contents ofwhich are hereby incorporated herein by reference, may also be used.

The molecular weight of the polymers is optimized based on the type ofchemistry used and on the lithographic performance desired. Typically,the weight average molecular weight is in the range of 3,000 to 30,000and the polydispersity is in the range 1.1 to 5, preferably 1.5 to 2.5.

Other polymers of interest include those found and described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/371,262, filed Feb. 21, 2003, now filedas U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/658,840, filed Dec. 17, 2003 (andpublished now as US patent application publication no. 2004/0166433, thecontents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Still otherpolymers, such as those disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/440,452, filed May 16, 2003 titled “Photoresist Composition for DeepUV and Process Thereof”, the contents of which are hereby incorporatedherein by reference, may also be used.

The solid components of the present invention are dissolved in anorganic solvent. The amount of solids in the solvent or mixture ofsolvents ranges from about 1 weight % to about 50 weight %. The polymermay be in the range of 5 weight % to 90 weight % of the solids and thephotoacid generator may be in the range of 1 weight % to about 50 weight% of the solids. Suitable solvents for such photoresists may include forexample ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutylketone, cyclohexanone, isophorone, methyl isoamyl ketone, 2-heptanone4-hydroxy, and 4-methyl 2-pentanone; C₁ to C₁₀ aliphatic alcohols suchas methanol, ethanol, and propanol; aromatic group containing-alcoholssuch as benzyl alcohol; cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate andpropylene carbonate; aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons (for example,hexane, toluene, xylene, etc and the like); cyclic ethers, such asdioxane and tetrahydrofuran; ethylene glycol; propylene glycol; hexyleneglycol; ethylene glycol monoalkylethers such as ethylene glycolmonomethylether, ethylene glycol monoethylether; ethylene glycolalkylether acetates such as methylcellosolve acetate and ethylcellosolveacetate; ethylene glycol dialkylethers such as ethylene glycoldimethylether, ethylene glycol diethylether, ethylene glycolmethylethylether, diethylene glycol monoalkylethers such as diethyleneglycol monomethylether, diethylene glycol monoethylether, and diethyleneglycol dimethylether; propylene glycol monoalkylethers such as propyleneglycol methylether, propylene glycol ethylether, propylene glycolpropylether, and propylene glycol butylether; propylene glycolalkyletheracetates such as propylene glycol methylether acetate,propylene glycol ethylether acetate, propylene glycol propyletheracetate, and propylene glycol butylether acetate; propylene glycolalkyletherpropionates such as propylene glycol methyletherpropionate,propylene glycol ethyletherpropionate, propylene glycolpropyletherpropionate, and propylene glycol butyletherpropionate;2-methoxyethyl ether (diglyme); solvents that have both ether andhydroxy moieties such as methoxy butanol, ethoxy butanol, methoxypropanol, and ethoxy propanol; esters such as methyl acetate, ethylacetate, propyl acetate, and butyl acetate methyl-pyruvate, ethylpyruvate; ethyl 2-hydroxy propionate, methyl 2-hydroxy 2-methylpropionate, ethyl 2-hydroxy 2-methyl propionate, methyl hydroxy acetate,ethyl hydroxy acetate, butyl hydroxy acetate, methyl lactate, ethyllactate, propyl lactate, butyl lactate, methyl 3-hydroxy propionate,ethyl 3-hydroxy propionate, propyl 3-hydroxy propionate, butyl 3-hydroxypropionate, methyl 2-hydroxy 3-methyl butanoic acid, methyl methoxyacetate, ethyl methoxy acetate, propyl methoxy acetate, butyl methoxyacetate, methyl ethoxy acetate, ethyl ethoxy acetate, propyl ethoxyacetate, butyl ethoxy acetate, methyl propoxy acetate, ethyl propoxyacetate, propyl propoxy acetate, butyl propoxy acetate, methyl butoxyacetate, ethyl butoxy acetate, propyl butoxy acetate, butyl butoxyacetate, methyl 2-methoxy propionate, ethyl 2-methoxy propionate, propyl2-methoxy propionate, butyl 2-methoxy propionate, methyl2-ethoxypropionate, ethyl 2-ethoxypropionate, propyl 2-ethoxypropionate,butyl 2-ethoxypropionate, methyl 2-butoxypropionate, ethyl2-butoxypropionate, propyl 2-butoxypropionate, butyl 2-butoxypropionate,methyl 3-methoxypropionate, ethyl 3-methoxypropionate, propyl3-methoxypropionate, butyl 3-methoxypropionate, methyl3-ethoxypropionate, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, propyl 3-ethoxypropionate,butyl 3-ethoxypropionate, methyl 3-propoxypropionate, ethyl3-propoxypropionate, propyl 3-propoxypropionate, butyl3-propoxypropionate, methyl 3-butoxypropionate, ethyl3-butoxypropionate, propyl 3-butoxypropionate, and butyl3-butoxypropionate; oxyisobutyric acid esters, for example,methyl-2-hydroxyisobutyrate, methyl α-methoxyisobutyrate, ethylmethoxyisobutyrate, methyl α-ethoxyisobutyrate, ethylα-ethoxyisobutyrate, methyl α-methoxyisobutyrate, ethylβ-methoxyisobutyrate, methyl β-ethoxyisobutyrate, ethylβ-ethoxyisobutyrate, methyl β-isopropoxyisobutyrate, ethylβ-isopropoxyisobutyrate, isopropyl β-isopropoxyisobutyrate, butylβ-isopropoxyisobutyrate, methyl β-butoxyisobutyrate, ethylβ-butoxyisobutyrate, butyl β-butoxyisobutyrate, methylα-hydroxyisobutyrate, ethyl α-hydroxyisobutyrate, isopropylα-hydroxyisobutyrate, and butyl α-hydroxyisobutyrate; solvents that haveboth ether and hydroxy moieties such as methoxy butanol, ethoxy butanol,methoxy propanol, and ethoxy propanol; and other solvents such asdibasic esters, and gamma-butyrolactone.; a ketone ether derivative suchas diacetone alcohol methyl ether; a ketone alcohol derivative such asacetol or diacetone alcohol; lactones such as butyrolactone; an amidederivative such as dimethylacetamide or dimethylformamide, anisole, andmixtures thereof.

Various other additives such as colorants, non-actinic dyes,anti-striation agents, plasticizers, adhesion promoters, dissolutioninhibitors, coating aids, photospeed enhancers, additional photoacidgenerators, and solubility enhancers (for example, certain small levelsof solvents not used as part of the main solvent (examples of whichinclude glycol ethers and glycol ether acetates, valerolactone, ketones,lactones, and the like), and surfactants may be added to the photoresistcomposition before the solution is coated onto a substrate. Surfactantsthat improve film thickness uniformity, such as fluorinated surfactants,can be added to the photoresist solution. A sensitizer that transfersenergy from a particular range of wavelengths to a different exposurewavelength may also be added to the photoresist composition. Often basesare also added to the photoresist to prevent t-tops or bridging at thesurface of the photoresist image. Examples of bases are amines, ammoniumhydroxide, and photosensitive bases. Particularly preferred bases aretrioctylamine, diethanolamine and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide.

The prepared photoresist composition solution can be applied to asubstrate by any conventional method used in the photoresist art,including dipping, spraying, and spin coating. When spin coating, forexample, the photoresist solution can be adjusted with respect to thepercentage of solids content, in order to provide coating of the desiredthickness, given the type of spinning equipment utilized and the amountof time allowed for the spinning process. Suitable substrates includesilicon, aluminum, polymeric resins, silicon dioxide, doped silicondioxide, silicon nitride, tantalum, copper, polysilicon, ceramics,aluminum/copper mixtures; gallium arsenide and other such Group III/Vcompounds. The photoresist may also be coated over antireflectivecoatings.

The photoresist coatings produced by the described procedure areparticularly suitable for application to silicon/silicon dioxide wafers,such as are utilized in the production of microprocessors and otherminiaturized integrated circuit components. An aluminum/aluminum oxidewafer can also be used. The substrate may also comprise variouspolymeric resins, especially transparent polymers such as polyesters.

The photoresist composition solution is then coated onto the substrate,and the substrate is treated (baked) at a temperature from about 70° C.to about 150° C. for from about 30 seconds to about 180 seconds on a hotplate or for from about 15 to about 90 minutes in a convection oven.This temperature treatment is selected in order to reduce theconcentration of residual solvents in the photoresist, while not causingsubstantial thermal degradation of the solid components. In general, onedesires to minimize the concentration of solvents and this firsttemperature. Treatment (baking) is conducted until substantially all ofthe solvents have evaporated and a thin coating of photoresistcomposition, on the order of half a micron (micrometer) in thickness,remains on the substrate. In a preferred embodiment the temperature isfrom about 95° C. to about 120° C. The treatment is conducted until therate of change of solvent removal becomes relatively insignificant. Thefilm thickness, temperature and time selection depends on thephotoresist properties desired by the user, as well as the equipmentused and commercially desired coating times. The coated substrate canthen be imagewise exposed to actinic radiation, e.g., ultravioletradiation, at a wavelength of from about 100 nm (nanometers) to about300 nm, x-ray, electron beam, ion beam or laser radiation, in anydesired pattern, produced by use of suitable masks, negatives, stencils,templates, etc.

The photoresist is then subjected to a post exposure second baking orheat treatment before development. The heating temperatures may rangefrom about 90° C. to about 150° C., more preferably from about 100° C.to about 130° C. The heating may be conducted for from about 30 secondsto about 2 minutes, more preferably from about 60 seconds to about 90seconds on a hot plate or about 30 to about 45 minutes by convectionoven.

The exposed photoresist-coated substrates are developed to remove theimage-wise exposed areas by immersion in a developing solution ordeveloped by spray development process. The solution is preferablyagitated, for example, by nitrogen burst agitation. The substrates areallowed to remain in the developer until all, or substantially all, ofthe photoresist coating has dissolved from the exposed areas. Developersinclude aqueous solutions of ammonium or alkali metal hydroxides. Onepreferred developer is an aqueous solution of tetramethyl ammoniumhydroxide. After removal of the coated wafers from the developingsolution, one may conduct an optional post-development heat treatment orbake to increase the coating's adhesion and chemical resistance toetching conditions and other substances. The post-development heattreatment can comprise the oven baking of the coating and substratebelow the coating's softening point or UV hardening process. Inindustrial applications, particularly in the manufacture ofmicrocircuitry units on silicon/silicon dioxide-type substrates, thedeveloped substrates may be treated with a buffered, hydrofluoric acidbase etching solution or dry etching. Prior to dry etching thephotoresist may be treated to electron beam curing in order to increasethe dry-etch resistance of the photoresist.

The invention further provides a method for producing a semiconductordevice by producing a photo-image on a substrate by coating a suitablesubstrate with a photoresist composition. The subject process comprisescoating a suitable substrate with a photoresist composition and heattreating the coated substrate until substantially all of the photoresistsolvent is removed; image-wise exposing the composition and removing theimage-wise exposed areas of such composition with a suitable developer.

The following examples provide illustrations of the methods of producingand utilizing the present invention. These examples are not intended,however, to limit or restrict the scope of the invention in any way andshould not be construed as providing conditions, parameters or valueswhich must be utilized exclusively in order to practice the presentinvention. Unless otherwise specified, all parts and percents are byweight.

EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis of bis(triphenylsulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate

Perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid potassium salt (2.5 g) was added toa solution of triphenyl sulfonium bromide (3.5 g) in 150 ml of water.Chloroform (150 ml) was added and stirred for 5 hours. The chloroformlayer was washed several times with water, dried over anhydrous sodiumsulfate, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated to an oil stage. Etherwas added to the oil and the mixture was stirred vigorously. A whiteprecipitate formed. The mixture was filtered and recovered precipitatewas dried under vacuum, resulting in a white powder; mp 155° C.

EXAMPLE 2 Synthesis of bis(triphenylsulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate

Perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonic acid lithium salt (3.0 g) in 60 ml waterwas added to a solution of triphenyl sulfonium bromide (6.0 g) in 120 mlof water. Dichloromethane (200 ml) was added and stirred for 5 hours.The dichloromethane layer was washed several times with water, driedover anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate evaporated toan oil stage. Ether was added to the oil and the mixture was stirredvigorously. A white precipitate formed. The mixture was filtered andrecovered precipitate was dried under vacuum, resulting in a whitepowder; mp 161° C.

EXAMPLE 3 Synthesis of bis(4-t-Butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate

4.73 g of triphenyl sulfonium bromide was dissolved in water in a flask.Bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)acetate (6.24 g) was dissolved in acetoneand added to the flask. Perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid (5.0 g) wasthen added to the mixture and the mixture was stirred over night at roomtemperature. Bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate was isolated as in Example 1 (mixture ofcompounds); mp 93° C.

EXAMPLE 4 Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate

Similarly to Example 3, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluoropropane-1,4-disulfonate can be made by usingperfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonic acid instead ofperfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid.

EXAMPLE 5 Synthesis of bis(Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate

Perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonic acid lithium salt (4.0 g) in 70 ml waterwas added to a solution of benzoyl tetramethylene sulfonium bromide(7.18.0 g) in 120 ml of water. The resulting mixture was stirredovernight. Dichloromethane (200 ml) was added and stirred for few hours.bis(Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium) perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate wasisolated as in example 2, mp 192° C.

EXAMPLE 6 Synthesis of bis(Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate

Similarly to Example 5, bis(Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,3-disulfonate can be made by usingperfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid lithium salt instead ofperfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonic acid lithium salt.

EXAMPLE 7A Synthesis of bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate

Perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid potassium salt (2.92 g) in 100 mlwater was added to a solution of tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfoniumhydroxide (7.75 g) in 150 ml of acetone. Chloroform (150 ml) was addedand stirred for 5 hours. The chloroform layer was washed several timeswith water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and thefiltrate evaporated to an oil stage. Ether was added to the oil and themixture was stirred vigorously. A white precipitate formed. The mixturewas filtered and the recovered precipitate was dried under vacuum,resulting in a white powder; mp 190° C.

EXAMPLE 7B Alternate Synthesis of bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate

Perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid potassium salt (0.1887 g) in 2 mlwater was added to a solution of tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfoniumtriflate (0.5000 g) in 1.14 g methanol and stirred for 1 hour. Thissolution was then extracted with chloroform (7 mL). The chloroform layerwas washed several times with distilled water and stripped of solvent,and the residue dried under high vacuum. This oil was thenrecrystallized two times from a mixture of diethyl ether and methylenechloride and the crystals dried at 45° C. overnight under vacuum to giveafter drying 0.34 g of material.

EXAMPLE 8A Synthesis of bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate

This material can be synthesized by using the procedure in Example 7,using perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonic acid potassium salt in place ofperfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid potassium salt.

EXAMPLE 8B Alternate Synthesis of bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate

Perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonic lithium salt (0.1390 g) in 1 ml waterwas added to a solution of tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium triflate(0.5000 g) in 1 mL methanol and stirred for 1 hour. This solution wasthen extracted with chloroform (7 mL). The chloroform layer was washedseveral times with distilled water and stripped of solvent, and theresidue dried under high vacuum. This oil was then recrystallized twotimes from a mixture of diethyl ether and methylene chloride and thecrystals dried at 45° C. overnight under vacuum to give after drying0.30 g of material.

EXAMPLE 9 Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate

This material was made following Example 1 exceptperfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid potassium salt andbis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)bromide were used.

EXAMPLE 10 Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenyl sulfonium)perfluoropronane-1,3-disulfonate

This material was made following the procedure in Example 9 except thatperfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonic acid potassium salt was used instead ofperfluoropropane-1,4-disulfonic acid potassium salt.

EXAMPLE 11 Synthesis of bis(triphenylsulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate

This material was made following the procedure in Example 1 except thatperfluoropropane-1-carboxylic acid-3-sulfonic acid lithium salt was usedinstead of perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid potassium salt.

EXAMPLE 12 Synthesis of bis(triphenylsulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate

This material can be made following the procedure in Example 1 exceptthat perfluorobutane-1-carboxylic acid-4-sulfonic acid lithium salt isused instead of perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid.

EXAMPLE 13 Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumPerfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate

This material can be made following the procedure in Example 3 exceptthat perfluoropropane-1-carboxylic acid-3-sulfonic acid lithium salt isused instead of perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid.

EXAMPLE 14 Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate

This material can be made following the procedure in Example 3 exceptthat perfluorobutane-1-carboxylic acid-4-sulfonic acid lithium salt isused instead of perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid.

EXAMPLE 15 Synthesis of bis(Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate

This material can be made following the procedure in Example 5 exceptthat perfluoropropane-1-carboxylic acid-3-sulfonic acid lithium salt isused instead of perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonic acid lithium salt.

EXAMPLE 16 Synthesis of bis(Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate

This material can be made following the procedure in Example 5 exceptthat perfluorobutane-1-carboxylic acid-4-sulfonic acid lithium salt isused instead of perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonic acid lithium salt.

EXAMPLE 17 Synthesis of bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)Perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate

This material can be made following the procedure in Example 7 exceptthat perfluoropropane-1-carboxylic acid-3-sulfonic acid lithium salt isused instead of perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid potassium salt.

EXAMPLE 18 Synthesis of bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate

This material can be made following the procedure in Example 7 exceptthat perfluorobutane-1-carboxylic acid-4-sulfonic acid lithium salt isused instead of perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid potassium salt.

EXAMPLE 19 Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenyl sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate

This material can be made following Example 1 exceptperfluoropropane-1-carboxylic acid-3-sulfonic acid lithium salt andbis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)bromide are used.

EXAMPLE 20 Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate

This material can be made following Example 1 exceptperfluorobutane-1-carboxylic acid-4-sulfonic acid lithium salt andbis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)bromide are used.

EXAMPLE 21A Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl)iodonium chloride

To a 2 L three necked flask (equipped with a mechanical stirrer,thermometer, addition funnel, and condenser/nitrogen inlet) was addedpotassium iodate (100 g) methylene chloride (240 mL), acetic anhydride(200 mL) and tert-butylbenzene (254 mL). This stirred reaction mixturewas cooled to 5° C. and concentrated sulfuric acid (100 mL) was addedslowly using the dropping funnel so as to maintain the temperaturebetween 5 and 10° C. After the addition was complete the reactionmixture was maintained at 5° C. and stirred for 5 hours. After this timethe reaction mixture was quenched by the slow addition of 100 mL ofdistilled water while stirring and maintaining the temperature between 5and 10° C. The reaction mixture was poured into a separatory funnel, andthe methylene chloride layer was removed and washed three times with 100mL aliquots of distilled water. The washed methylene chloride layer wasstripped of solvents on a rotoevaporator and further dried by highvacuum (1 mm Hg) to remove most of the remaining tert-butylbenzene. Theresultant residue was dissolved into 200 mL of methylene chloride and tothis was added 27.3 grams of sodium chloride. This mixture was stirredwith a magnetic stirrer at 1000 rpm overnight. After stirring, themixture was placed in a separatory funnel, the methylene chloride layerremoved and washed four times with 100 mL aliquots of distilled water.The washed organic layer was stripped of solvent and dried under highvacuum to remove any remaining tert-butylbenzene. The residue wastriturated with 4 times with 200 mL aliquots of hexane and precipitatedwith ether (500 mL) to give 86 grams of crude material after drying.This crude material was dissolved in 170 mL of methylene chloride andrecrystallized by the addition of 500 mL of diethyl ether to promotecrystallization. These crystals were filtered, dried to give 77 grams ofproduct.

EXAMPLE 21 B Synthesis of silver methane disulfonate

A 50% solution of methanedisulfonic acid in water (2.5 grams) wasdiluted in 25 mL of water into which, while stirring, silver carbonate(3.91 grams) was added slowly. The silver carbonate dissolved witheffervescence of carbon dioxide. After the reaction was completeremaining insoluble material was removed by filtration and the filtratewas stripped of water and dried under high vacuum at 45° C. to give 4.9grams of white crystals.

EXAMPLE 21 C: Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)methanedisulfonate

Five grams (1.16609×10⁻² mol) of bis(4-t-butylphenyl)iodonium chloridefrom Example 21A was suspended in 40 ml of acetonitrile with stirring.2.27 grams (5.8304×10⁻³ mol) of silver methane disulfonate from Example21B was then added together with 5 ml of water. The solution was stirredovernight.

The solution was then filtered and the filtrate was recovered. Thefiltrate was then filtered through a 0.2 μm PTFE filter (using asyringe) to remove any colloidal silver chloride. The filtrate wasrecovered and placed in a rotovap to remove solvent.

The remaining residue was then recrystallized using methylene chloride(hot) and ether. This was repeated twice. The remaining material (solid)was then washed using water and methylene chloride. The organic phasewas retained and the solvent removed by drying under vacuum, yielding 4grams of bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)methane disulfonate.

EXAMPLE 22 Synthesis of bis(triphenyl sulfonium)methane disulfonate

0.979533 grams (0.002853 mol) of triphenyl sulfonium bromide were placedinto 40 ml of acetonitrile and then 0.556263 grams (0.001427 mol) ofsilver methane disulfonate and 1 ml of water were added with stirring.The solution was stirred overnight and recrystallized as in Example 21.

EXAMPLE 23 Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)perfluoromethanedisulfonate

This material can be made following Example 21 except silverperfluoromethane disulfonate is used in place of silver methanedisulfonate.

EXAMPLE 24 Synthesis of bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoromethanedisulfonate

This material can be made following Example 22 except silverperfluoromethane disulfonate is used in place of silver methanedisulfonate.

EXAMPLE 25 Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluoromethane disulfonate

This material can be made following the procedure in Example 23 exceptthat equal molar amounts of bis(4-t-butylphenyl)iodonium chloride andtriphenylsulfonium bromide are used.

EXAMPLE 26 Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniummethane disulfonate

This material can be made following the procedure in Example 25 exceptthat silver methane disulfonate is used instead of silverperfluoromethane disulfonate.

EXAMPLE 27 Synthesis of bis(Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate

This material can be made by following the procedure in Example 23except that benzoyl tetramethylene sulfonium bromide is used in place oftriphenyl sulfonium bromide.

EXAMPLE 28 Synthesis of bis(Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)methanedisulfonate

This material can be made by following the procedure in Example 27except that silver methane disulfonate is used in place of silverperfluoromethane disulfonate.

EXAMPLE 29 Synthesis of bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate

This material can be made by following the procedure in Example 23except that tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium chloride is used instead ofbis(4-t-butylphenyl)iodonium chloride.

EXAMPLE 30 Synthesis of bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)methanedisulfonate

This material can be made by following the procedure in Example 29except that silver methane disulfonate is used in place of silverperfluoromethane disulfonate.

EXAMPLE 31 Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyldiphenylsulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate

This material can be made by following the procedure in Example 29except that (4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)chloride is used insteadof tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium chloride.

EXAMPLE 32 Synthesis of bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)methanedisulfonate

This material can be made by following the procedure in Example 31except that silver methane disulfonate is used instead of silverperfluoromethane disulfonate.

EXAMPLE 33 Synthesis of bis(4-octyloxyphenyliodonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate

Bis(4-t-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium hexafluoroantimonate (available fromHampford Research Inc, 54, Veterans Boulivard, Stanford, Conn. 06615))was dissolved in acetone to make a 10% solution. Approximately 65.8 g ofthis 10% solution and 40 ml of acetone were then passed through an ionexchange column which contained A-21 ion exchange resin (bed volume 100ml) two times. Approximately 3.8 g of perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonicacid potassium salt was dissolved in 100 ml of deionized water. Thissolution and the solution that was passed through the ion exchange resinwere mixed with stirring in a beaker for 1 hour. Dichloromethane wasthen added to the beaker with stirring and allowed to stir overnight.Thereafter, deionized water was added to the beaker and the organiclayer was separated using a separatory funnel. The organic layer waswashed several times with water and then the organic solvent wasevaporated, leaving an oil.

EXAMPLE 33A

The following compounds can be made following the procedures outlinedherein:

-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl iodonium)ethane disulfonate-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl iodonium)perfluoroethane disulfonate-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl iodonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl    iodonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl    iodonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl iodonium)methane disulfonate-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl iodonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate

EXAMPLE 34A Synthesis of bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium triflate

20 g (0.05893 mol) of bis(sodium oxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium triflate wasplaced into a round bottom flask and 80 g of anhydrous DMSO was added tothe flask with stirring to form a suspension., 30 g (0.1297 mol; 10%excess) of octyl bromide was added and the mixture was allowed to reactfor 3 days. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was added to 600ml of deionized water. The aqueous layer was extracted with 200 mL ofCH₂CL₂. The CH₂CL₂ layer was retained and washed with three 100 mLaliquots of distilled water and the solvent stripped off with arotoevaporator and further dried under high vacuum to remove as much aspossible any remaning octyl bromide. The residue from this wastriturated with four 50 mL aliquots of pentane. This residue consistedof almost pure bis (octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium triflate with asmall amount of bromide contamination (21.99 grams). If desired, thisproduct can be purified by dissolving the crude product in 30 mL ofmethanol to which is added 6.2 grams of potassium triflate dissolved in30 mL of water. After stirring for half and hour the reaction mixturewas stripped of solvent and the residue suspended in CH₂CL₂ (50 mL) andextracted with water (20 mL) five times. The final washed organic layerwas stripped of solvents as above, and triturated with pentane as above.The final triturated product was dried under high vacuum overnight(16.35 grams) and the remaining oil was dissolved in THF (˜20 ml). 100ml of deionized water was then added to the mixture and stirred. Theaqueous layer was decanted. An additional 10 ml of THF and 100 ml ofdeionized water was added to the mixture and allowed to stand in arefrigerator overnight. The aqueous layer was then decanted and theremaining organic solvent was removed using a Rotovap with high vacuum.The residue was extracted twice using chloroform and deionized waterrinses. Finally, the remaining material was extracted three times usingpentane and dried overnight under vacuum.

EXAMPLE 34B Synthesis of bis(4-octyloxyphenyl) Phenyl sulfoniumperfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate

The compound of Example 34A (15 grams) was dissolved in 15 mL ofmethanol. To this was added 10.5 grams of dipotassium1,4-perfluorobutane disulfonate dissolved in a hot mixture of methanoland water (90/80 methanol/water) while heating the whole solution toboiling so as to maintain a clear one-phase solution with noprecipitate. This solution was allowed to cool while stirring andstirred overnight at room temperature. This solution was stripped ofsolvents on a roto-evaporator and then suspended in 100 mL of methylenechloride and washed with three times with 40 mL of distilled water. Thisprocedure was repeated 6 times to give material which was pure1,4-perfluorobutanedisulfonate (13.42 grams)

EXAMPLE 34C

The following compounds can be made following the procedures in Examples34A and 34B by using instead of potassium 1,4-perfluorobutanedisulfonate an equimolar amount of the corresponding disulfonate salt ordisulfonic acid:

-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium ethane disulfonate-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium perfluoroethane disulfonate-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium    perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium    perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium    perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium methane disulfonate-   bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium perfluoromethane disulfonate

EXAMPLE 35 Synthesis of Synthesis ofbis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate

Bis[4-hydroxylphenyl]phenysulfonium perfluoromethanesulfonate (37.60 g)and an acetone-water mixture were placed into a reaction vessel equippedwith an agitator, a thermometer, a reflux condenser, and a tube forintroducing nitrogen gas into the vessel. Under a nitrogen blanket,18.54 g perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonic acid potassium salt was added tothe reaction vessel and the mixture was stirred overnight.Dichloromethane (150 ml) and water were added to the reaction vessel andthe mixture was stirred for 2 hours. The mixture was then placed into aseparatory funnel and the organic (dichloromethane) layer was retained.The dichloromethane layer was washed with water (300 ml×3). Thedichloromethane was evaporated under vacuum and ether was added toremaining material with stirring. A white precipitate formed, wasfiltered from the mixture, and dried in a vacuum oven (yield 35 g; mp195° C.).

Bis[bis[4-hydroxylphenyl]phenysulfonium]perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate(3.5 g) from above and dry THF where placed into a reaction vesselequipped with an agitator, a thermometer, reflux condenser, and a tubefor introducing nitrogen gas into the vessel. A dry ice-acetone bath wasplaced around the vessel. 5.0 g of pentafluorobenzene sulfonyl chloridewas added to the vessel and the mixture was stirred for 5 hours.Dichloromethane (150 ml) and water were added to the vessel and themixture was stirred for an additional 2 hours. The mixture was placedinto a separatory funnel and the dichloromethane layer was retained. Thedichloromethane layer was washed several times with water, dried overanhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the remaining volatile materialswere evaporated to leave an oil. Ether was added to the oil and themixture was stirred vigorously. White crystals ofbis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxylphenyl]phenysulfonium]perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonatewere formed (mp 61-63° C.).

EXAMPLE 35A

The following compounds can be made following the procedures herein:

-   bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]ethane    disulfonate-   bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoroethane    disulfonate-   bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate-   bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate-   bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate-   bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]methane    disulfonate-   bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoromethane    disulfonate

EXAMPLE 36 Synthesis ofbis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)-phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate

This can be made by using 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzene sulfonylchloride instead of pentafluorobenzene sulfonyl chloride and followingthe procedure in Example 35.

EXAMPLE 36A

The following compounds can be made following the procedures herein:

-   bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]ethane    disulfonate-   bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoroethane    disulfonate-   bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate-   bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate-   bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate-   bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]methane    disulfonate

Other examples of compounds related to the invention include

Bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)ethane disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)perfluoroethane disulfonate, bis(triphenyl sulfonium)ethanedisulfonate, bis (triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoroethane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluoroethanedisulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfonium ethanedisulfonate, bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoroethanedisulfonate, bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)ethane disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoroethane disulfonate, bis(tris(4-t-butyl.phenyl)sulfonium)ethane disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyldiphenylsulfonium)perfluoroethane disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyldiphenylsulfonium)disulfonate, which can be made by using silver ethanedisulfonate or silver perfluoroethane disulfonate as in the aboveExamples. Other representative examples of compounds of the presentinvention includebis[bis[2-methyladamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyladamantylacetyl-oxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]ethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyl-adamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoroethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyladamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoro-propane-1,3-disulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyladamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyl-adamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyladamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]methanedisulfonate, andbis[bis[2-methyladamantyl-acetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoromethanedisulfonate, where the cation portion can be made frombis[4-hydroxylphenyl]phenysulfonium bromide and2-methyladamantylbromoacetate and the resulting cation is then reactedwith the respective anion lithium (or potassium) salt. Additionalrepresentative examples of compounds of the present invention includebis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxy-phenyl]phenylsulfonium]ethane disulfonate,bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoroethane disulfonate,bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxy-phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoro-methyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]-perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.025]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]methane disulfonate, andbis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]-perfluoromethane disulfonate hwere the cation portion can bemade frombis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium bromide and4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]nonylchloromethylether and the resulting cation is then reacted with therespective anion lithium (or potassium) salt.

EXAMPLE 37

1.073 g of poly(MAdMA/HAdA/ANBL; 50/20/30) polymer, 0.0476 g (50 μmol/g)of bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate from Example1, 0.43 g of DIPA (1 weight % in propylene glycol monomethyl etheracetate (PGMEA)) and 0.03 g of 10 weight % PGMEA solution of asurfactant (fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester, supplied by 3M Corporation,St. Paul Minn.) were dissolved in 23.872 of AZ Thinner (propylene glycolmonomethyl ether acetate/propylene glycol monomethyl ether) to form aphotoresist solution.

EXAMPLE 38

A silicon substrate coated with a bottom antireflective coating(B.A.R.C.) was prepared by spin coating the bottom anti-reflectivecoating solution (AZ® EXP ArF-1, B.A.R.C. available from AZ ElectronicMaterials USA Corp., Somerville, N.J.) onto the silicon substrate andbaking at 215° C. for 60 sec. The B.A.R.C film thickness was 29 nm. Thephotoresist solution from Example 37 was then coated on the B.A.R.Ccoated silicon substrate. The spin speed was adjusted such that thephotoresist film thickness was thickness 180 nm. The photoresist wasthen exposed (Nikon 306D 0.85NA & 4/5 Annular Illumination, PAB100°C./60 s, PEB 110° C./60 s, Development time: 30 s (ACT12), 6% PSM). Theimaged photoresist was then developed using a 2.38 weight % aqueoussolution of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide for 30 sec. The line andspace patterns were then observed on a scanning electron microscope. Thephotoresist had a photosensitivity of 47.6 mJ/cm² and had very goodexposure latitude (16.8%), good LER and profile shape.

EXAMPLE 39

0.64 g of poly(EAdMA/HAdA/α-GBLMA/α-GBLA; 30/30/20/20) polymer, 0.0170 g(30 μmol/g) of bis triphenyl sulfonium perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonatefrom Example 1, and 0.0198 g of t-butyldiphenyl iodoniumbis-perfluoroethane sulfonimide from 3M Corporation, 0.2781 g of DIPA 1weight % in methyl-2-hydroxyisobutyrate (MHIB)) and 0.0204 g of 10weight % PGMEA solution of a surfactant (fluoroaliphatic polymericester, supplied by 3M Corporation, St. Paul Minn.) were dissolved in12.58 of MHIB) to form a photoresist solution.

EXAMPLE 40

Example 38 was repeated with the photoresist from Example 39 and goodresults were obtained.

EXAMPLE 41

1.095 g of poly(EAdMA/HAdA/α-GBLMA/AdMA; 30/20/40/10) polymer, 0.0282 g(30 mmol/g) of bis triphenyl sulfonium perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonatefrom Example 1, and 0.0328 g of bis(4-t-butylphenyl)iodoniumbis-perfluoroethane sulfonimide, from 3M Corporation, 0.46 g of DIPA 1weight % in methyl-2-hydroxyisobutyrate (MHIB)) and 0.03 g of 10 weight% PGMEA solution of a surfactant (fluoroaliphatic polymeric ester,supplied by 3M Corporation, St. Paul Minn.) were dissolved in 23.872 ofMHIB) to form a photoresist solution.

EXAMPLE 42

Example 40 was repeated with the photoresist from Example 41 and goodresults were obtained.

EXAMPLE 43

Example 37 was repeated with bis(triphenylsulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate from Example 2 replacingbis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate to make a resistsolution.

EXAMPLE 44

Example 37 was repeated with resist from Example 43 and good resultswere obtained.

EXAMPLE 45

Example 41 was repeated with bis triphenyl sulfoniumperfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate from Example 2 replacing bis(triphenylsulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate to make a resist solution.

EXAMPLE 46

Example 37 was repeated with resist from Example 45 and good resultswere obtained.

EXAMPLE 47

Example 37 was repeated with bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenylsulfonium perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate from Example 3 replacingbis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate to make a resistsolution.

EXAMPLE 48

Example 38 was repeated with photoresist from Example 47 and goodresults were obtained.

EXAMPLE 49

Example 41 was repeated with bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenylsulfonium perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate from Example 3 replacingbis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate to make a resistsolution.

EXAMPLE 50

Example 38 was repeated with resist from Example 49 and good resultswere obtained.

EXAMPLE 51

Example 37 was repeated withbis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate fromExample 5 replacing bis(triphenylsulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate to make a resist solution.

EXAMPLE 52

Example 38 was repeated with resist from Example 51 and good resultswere obtained.

EXAMPLE 53

Example 41 was repeated withbis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate fromExample 5 replacing bis(triphenylsulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate to make a resist solution.

EXAMPLE 54

Example 38 was repeated with resist from Example 49 and good resultswere obtained.

EXAMPLE 55

Example 39 can be repeated with triphenyl sulfonium bis-perfluoroethanesulfonamide in place of bis(4-t-butylphenyl)iodonium bis-perfluoroethanesulfonimide to form a resist solution.

EXAMPLE 56

Example 38 can be repeated with the resist of Example 55 and goodresults are expected.

EXAMPLE 57

Examples 37, 39, or 41 can be repeated with one of bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate, bis(Benzoyltetramethylene-sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenyl sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(Benzoyltetramethylene-sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(Benzoyltetramethylene-sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butylphenyl)sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butylphenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)methane disulfonate, bis(triphenyl sulfonium)methanedisulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluoromethanedisulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfonium methanedisulfonate, bis(Benzoyl-tetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoromethanedisulfonate, bis (Benzoyltetramethylene-sulfonium) methane disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)methane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate, orbis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)methane disulfonate, as well asthe aforementioned inventive compounds mentioned herein, replacingbis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)methane disulfonate to make a resistsolution.

EXAMPLE 58

Example 38 can be repeated with one of the resist solutions of Example57 and good results are expected.

EXAMPLE 59

Examples 37, 39 or 41 can be repeated by substituting the polymertherein with one of the following polymers:

poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); poly(t-butyl norbornene carboxylate-co-maleicanhydride-co-2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-methacryloyloxy norbornene methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxy-adamantane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,0^(2,6)]deca-8-yl methacrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,0^(2,6)]deca-8-yl methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3,5-dihydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxy adamantylmethacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-tricyclo-[5,2,1,0^(2,6)]deca-8-yl methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-ethylcyclopentylacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane-co-β-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,0^(2,6)]deca-8-yl methacrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamantane);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-methacryloyloxy norbornenemethacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate);poly(ethylcyclopentylmethacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone acrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-isobutyl methacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone acrylate);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]-deca-8-yl methacrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone acrylate); poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-βgamma-butyrolactone methacrylate-co-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamatane);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-methacryloyloxy norbornenemethacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate-co-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamatane);poly(2-methyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-methacryloyloxy norbornenemethacrylate-co-tricyclo-[5,2,1,02,6]deca-8-ylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamatane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]deca-8-ylmethacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone acrylate); poly(2-methyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-methacryloxyadamatane-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-2-ethyl-2-adamantyl-co-methacrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,0^(2,6)]deca-8-yl methacrylate);poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantyl methacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantylacrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactone methacrylate-co-2-adamantylmethacrylate); poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl acrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactonemethacrylate); and poly(2-ethyl-2-adamantylmethacrylate-co-3-hydroxy-1-adamantyl acrylate-co-α-gamma-butyrolactoneacrylate-co-tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]deca-8-yl methacrylate) to form aphotoresist solution.

EXAMPLE 60

Example 38 can be repeated with a resist formed in Example 59 and goodresults are expected.

EXAMPLE 61

Example 59 can be repeated by replacing bis(triphenylsulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate with one of bis(triphenylsulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenylsulfonium perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenyl sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonatebis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butylphenyl)sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butylphenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)methane disulfonate, bis(triphenyl sulfonium)methanedisulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluoromethanedisulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfonium methanedisulfonate, bis(Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoromethanedisulfonate, bis (Benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)methane disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)methane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate, orbis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)methane disulfonate to form aresist solution.

EXAMPLE 62

Example 38 can be repeated with a resist formed in Example 61 and goodresults are expected.

1. A compound of the formulaA-X-B (i) where A-X-B form an ionic compound Ai Xi Bi, where Ai and Biare each individually an organic onium cation; and Xi is anion of theformulaQ-R₅₀₀—SO₃ ⁻ where Q is selected from ⁻O₃S and ⁻O₂C; and R₅₀₀ is a groupselected from linear or branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, orcombinations thereof, optionally containing a catenary S or N, where thealkyl, cycloalkyl, and aryl groups are unsubstituted or substituted byone or more groups selected from the group consisting of halogen,unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted C₁₋₈perfluoroalkyl, hydroxyl, cyano, sulfate, and nitro; and where theorganic onium cation is selected from

andY—Ar where Ar is selected from

naphthyl, or anthryl; Y is selected from

—I⁺-naphtyl, —I⁺-anthryl or (ii) where A-X-B form a non-ionic compoundAc-Xc-Bc, where Ac and Bc are each individually selected from—SO₂—(C(X2)₂)_(m)—R₆₀₀, —O—CHX3-R₇₀₀, —C(═N₂)—SO₂—R₆₀₀, and

where R₆₀₀ is selected from straight or branched alkyl chain optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl, or

where R₇₀₀ is selected from straight or branched alkyl chain optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl, or

U is C₁ to C₄ unsubstituted or substituted alkylene; Xc is

where R₅₀₀ is defined above; where R₁, R₂, R₃, R_(1A), R_(1B), R_(1C),R_(2A), R_(2B), R_(2C), R_(2D), R_(3A), R_(3B), R_(3C), R_(3D), R_(4A),R_(4B), R_(4C), R_(4D), R_(5A), R_(5B) and R_(5C) are each independentlyselected from Z, hydrogen, OSO₂R₉, OR₂₀, straight or branched alkylchain optionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl,arylcarbonylmethyl group, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl,alkylcarbonyl, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl withthe cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkyloxyalkyl with the cycloalkyl ringoptionally containing one or more O atoms, straight or branchedperfluoroalkyl, monocycloperfluoroalkyl or polycycloperfluoroalkyl,straight or branched alkoxy chain, nitro, cyano, halogen, carboxyl,hydroxyl, sulfate, tresyl, or hydroxyl; either (i) one of R_(1D) orR_(5D) is nitro with the other being selected from hydrogen, straight orbranched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or moreO atoms, monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl,straight or branched perfluoroalkyl, monocycloperfluoroalkyl orpolycycloperfluoroalkyl, arylcarbonylmethyl group, cyano, or hydroxyl or(ii) both of R_(1D) and R_(5D) are nitro; R₆ and R₇ are eachindependently selected from straight or branched alkyl chain optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkylcarbonyl group, aryl, aralkyl, straight or branchedperfluoroalkyl, monocycloperfluoroalkyl or polycycloperfluoroalkyl,arylcarbonylmethyl group, nitro, cyano, or hydroxyl or R₆ and R₇together with the S atom to which they are attached form a 5-, 6-, or7-membered saturated or unsaturated ring optionally containing one ormore O atoms; R₉ is selected from alkyl, fluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkyl,aryl, fluoroaryl, perfluoroaryl, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groupwith the cycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocyclofluoroalkyl or polycyclofluoroalkyl group with the cycloalkylring optionally containing one or more O atoms, ormonocycloperfluoralkyl or polycycloperfluoroalkyl group with thecycloalkyl ring optionally containing one or more O atoms; R₂₀ isalkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, or monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkyloxyalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionally containingone or more O atoms; T is a direct bond, a divalent straight or branchedalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, divalent arylgroup, divalent aralkyl group, or divalent monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms; Z is—(V)_(j)—(C(X11)(X12))_(n)—O—C(═O)—R₈, where either (i) one of X11 orX12 is straight or branched alkyl chain containing at least one fluorineatom and the other is hydrogen, halogen, or straight or branched alkylchain or (ii) both of X11 and X12 are straight or branched alkyl chaincontaining at least one fluorine atom; V is a linkage group selectedfrom a direct bond, a divalent straight or branched alkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms, divalent aryl group, divalentaralkyl group, or divalent monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms; X2 is hydrogen, halogen, orstraight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more Oatoms; R₈ is a straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containingone or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, or aryl; X3 is hydrogen, straight orbranched alkyl chain, halogen, cyano, or —C(═OHR₅₀ where R₅₀ is selectedfrom straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or moreO atoms or —O—R₅₁ where R₅₁ is hydrogen or straight or branched alkylchain; each of i and k are independently 0 or a positive integer; j is 0to 10; m is 0 to 10; and n is 0 to 10, the straight or branched alkylchain optionally containing one or more O atoms, straight or branchedalkyl chain, straight or branched alkoxy chain, monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms,monocycloalkyl- or polycycloalkylcarbonyl group, alkoxyalkyl,alkoxycarbonylalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkyloxycarbonylalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl- orpolycycloalkyloxyalkyl with the cycloalkyl ring optionally containingone or more O atoms, aralkyl, aryl, naphthyl, anthryl, 5-, 6-, or7-membered saturated or unsaturated ring optionally containing one ormore O atoms, or arylcarbonylmethyl group being unsubstituted orsubstituted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting ofZ, halogen, alkyl, C₁₋₈ perfluoroalkyl, monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl, OR₂₀, alkoxy, C₃₋₂₀ cyclic alkoxy, dialkylamino,dicyclic dialkylamino, hydroxyl, cyano, nitro, tresyl, oxo, aryl,aralkyl, oxygen atom, CF₃SO₃, aryloxy, arylthio, and groups of formulae(II) to (VI):

wherein R₁₀ and R₁₁ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, astraight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more Oatoms, or a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containingone or more O atoms, or R₁₀ and R₁₁ together can represent an alkylenegroup to form a five- or six-membered ring; R₁₂ represents a straight orbranched alkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms, amonocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or moreO atoms, or aralkyl, or R₁₀ and R₁₂ together represent an alkylene groupwhich forms a five- or six-membered ring together with the interposing—C—O— group, the carbon atom in the ring being optionally substituted byan oxygen atom; R₁₃ represents a straight or branched alkyl chainoptionally containing one or more O atoms or a monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms; R₁₄ andR₁₅ each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a straight or branchedalkyl chain optionally containing one or more O atoms or amonocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or moreO atoms; R₁₆ represents a straight or branched alkyl chain optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl groupoptionally containing one or more O atoms, aryl, or aralkyl; and R₁₇represents straight or branched alkyl chain optionally containing one ormore O atoms, a monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl group optionallycontaining one or more O atoms, aryl, aralkyl, the group —Si(R₁₆)₂R₁₇,or the group —O—Si(R₁₆)₂R₁₇, the straight or branched alkyl chainoptionally containing one or more O atoms, monocycloalkyl orpolycycloalkyl group optionally containing one or more O atoms, aryl,and aralkyl being unsubstituted or substituted as above.
 2. The compoundof claim 1, wherein A-X-B is the ionic compound Ai Xi Bi.
 3. Thecompound of claim 2 wherein each of Ai and Bi are selected from


4. The compound of claim 3 where Ai and Bi are each

where R₆ and R₇ are each independently unsubstituted or substitutedaryl, or R₆ and R₇ together with the S atom to which they are attachedform a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated or unsaturated ring optionallycontaining one or more O atoms; T is a direct bond or a divalentstraight or branched alkyl group optionally containing one or more Oatoms optionally substituted with oxo, and R₅₀₀ is linear or branchedalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halogen groups.
 5. Thecompound of claim 4 wherein R₆ and R₇ are each independentlyunsubstituted or substituted aryl, T is a direct bond, and R₅₀₀ islinear or branched alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or morehalogen groups.
 6. The compound of claim 4 wherein R₆ and R₇ togetherwith the S atom to which they are attached form a 5-, 6-, or 7-memberedsaturated or unsaturated ring optionally containing one or more O atoms;T is a divalent straight or branched alkyl group optionally containingone or more O atoms optionally substituted with oxo, and R₅₀₀ is linearor branched alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halogengroups.
 7. The compound of claim 3 wherein A is

and B is


8. The compound of claim 1 selected from the group bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenylsulfonium perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfonium methane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluoroethanedisulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfonium ethanedisulfonate, bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenyl sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butylphenyl)sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butylphenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)methane disulfonate, bis(triphenyl sulfonium)methanedisulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate, bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(benzoyl-tetramethylenesulfonium)methane disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)methane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)methane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium ethane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium perfluoroethane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodoniumperfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium methane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium ethane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium perfluoroethane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfoniumperfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate, bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenylsulfonium perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium methane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxy-phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluoro-benzene-sulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]ethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenyl-sulfonium]perfluoroethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzene-sulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxy-phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]methanedisulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoromethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)-phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)-benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]ethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoroethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoro-methyl)-benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)-phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]methanedisulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)ethane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)perfluoroethane disulfonate, bis(triphenylsulfonium)ethane disulfonate, bis (triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoroethanedisulfonate, bis(benzoyltetramethylene-sulfonium)perfluoroethanedisulfonate, bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)ethane disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoroethane disulfonate, bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)ethane disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyldiphenyl-sulfonium)perfluoroethane disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyldiphenylsulfonium)ethane disulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyladamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenyl-sulfonium]perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyladamantylacetyl-oxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]ethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyl-adamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoroethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyladamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoro-propane-1,3-disulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyladamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyl-adamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyladamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]methanedisulfonate,bis[bis[2-methyladamantylacetyloxymethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoromethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo-[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxy-phenyl]phenylsulfonium]ethane disulfonate,bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]-perfluoroethane disulfonate,bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxy-phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate, bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoro-methyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]-perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoro-methyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoro-butane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo-[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]methane disulfonate, and bis[bis[4,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3-oxatricyclo[4.2.1.0^(2,5)]-nonylmethoxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoromethane disulfonate.
 9. A photoresist compositionuseful for imaging in deep UV comprising; a) a polymer containing anacid labile group; and, b) a compound of claim
 1. 10. The composition ofclaim 9, wherein for b) the compound is Ai Xi Bi.
 11. The composition ofclaim 10 wherein for b), each of Ai and Bi are selected from


12. The composition of claim 10 wherein for b), Ai and Bi are each

where R₆ and R₇ are each independently unsubstituted or substitutedaryl, or R₆ and R₇ together with the S atom to which they are attachedform a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated or unsaturated ring optionallycontaining one or more O atoms; T is a direct bond or a divalentstraight or branched alkyl group optionally containing one or more Oatoms optionally substituted with oxo, and R₅₀₀ is linear or branchedalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halogen groups. 13.The composition of claim 9 wherein for b), Ai is

and Bi is


14. The composition of claim 9 wherein for b), the compound is selectedfrom the group bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenylsulfonium perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfoniumperfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfonium methane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfonium perfluoroethanedisulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)triphenyl sulfonium ethanedisulfonate, bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis (triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(benzoyltetramethylene-sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenyl sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butylphenyl)sulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butylphenyl)sulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyliodonium)methane disulfonate, bis(triphenyl sulfonium)methanedisulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate, bis(benzoyltetramethylene-sulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate, bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)methane disulfonate, bis(tris(4-t-butylphenyl)sulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate, bis(tris(4-t-butylphenyl)sulfonium)methane disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyldiphenylsulfonium)perfluoromethane disulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyldiphenylsulfonium)methane disulfonate, bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodoniumperfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate, bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium ethanedisulfonate, bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium perfluoroethane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate, bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium methane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)iodonium perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium ethane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium perfluoroethane disulfonate, bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfoniumperfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate, bis (4-octyloxyphenyl)phenylsulfonium perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate, bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium methane disulfonate,bis(4-octyloxyphenyl)phenyl sulfonium perfluoromethane disulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzene-sulfonyloxy-phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]ethanedisulfonate, bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoroethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyl-oxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyloxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]methanedisulfonate,bis[bis[4-pentafluorobenzenesulfonyl-oxyphenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoromethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)-phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1,4-disulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)-benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]ethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzene-sulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoroethanedisulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1,3-disulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)-benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluoropropane-1-carboxylate-3-sulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)phenyl]phenylsulfonium]perfluorobutane-1-carboxylate-4-sulfonate,bis[bis[4-(3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyloxy)-phenyl]phenylsulfonium]methanedisulfonate, bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)ethane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl iodonium)perfluoroethane disulfonate, bis(triphenylsulfonium)ethane disulfonate, bis(triphenyl sulfonium)perfluoroethanedisulfonate, bis(benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)perfluoroethanedisulfonate, bis (benzoyltetramethylenesulfonium)ethane disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)perfluoroethane disulfonate,bis(tris(4-t-butyl phenyl)sulfonium)ethane disulfonate,bis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)perfluoroethane disulfonate, andbis(4-t-butylphenyl diphenylsulfonium)ethane disulfonate.
 15. Thecomposition of claim 9 which further comprises c) a second photoacidgenerator Ai Xi1 where Ai is as defined above and Xi1 is an anionselected from CF₃SO₃ ⁻, CHF₂SO₃ ⁻, CH₃SO₃ ⁻, CCl₃SO₃ ⁻, C₂F₅SO₃ ⁻,C₂HF₄SO₃ ⁻, C₄F₉SO₃ ⁻, camphor sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonate,benzene sulfonate, pentafluorobenzene sulfonate, toluene sulfonate,perfluorotoluene sulfonate, (Rf1SO₂)₃C⁻ and (Rf1SO₂)₂N⁻, wherein eachRf1 is independently selected from the group consisting of highlyfluorinated or perfluorinated alkyl or fluorinated aryl radicals and maybe cyclic, when a combination of any two Rf1 groups are linked to form abridge, further, the Rf1 alkyl chains contain from 1-20 carbon atoms andmay be straight, branched, or cyclic, such that divalent oxygen,trivalent nitrogen or hexavalent sulfur may interrupt the skeletalchain, further when Rf1 contains a cyclic structure, such structure has5 or 6 ring members, optionally, 1 or 2 of which are heteroatoms, andRg-O—Rf2-SO₃ ⁻, where Rf2 is selected from the group consisting oflinear or branched (CF₂)_(j) where j is an integer from 4 to 10 andC₁-C₁₂ cycloperfluoroalkyl divalent radical which is optionallyperfluoroC₁₋₁₀alkyl substituted, Rg is selected from the groupconsisting of C₁-C₂₀ linear, branched, monocycloalkyl or polycycloalkyl,C₁-C₂₀ linear, branched, monocycloalkenyl or polycycloalkenyl, aryl, andaralkyl, the alkyl, alkenyl, aralkyl and aryl groups beingunsubstituted, substituted, optionally containing one or more catenaryoxygen atoms, partially fluorinated or perfluorinated.
 16. Thecomposition of claim 15 wherein Ai is selected from


17. The composition of claim 16 wherein the anion Xi1 is selected frominclude (C₂F₅SO₂)₂N⁻, (C₄F₉SO₂)₂N⁻, (C₈F₁₇SO₂)₃C⁻, (CF₃SO₂)₃C⁻,(CF₃SO₂)₂N⁻, (CF₃SO₂)₂(C₄F₉SO₂)C⁻, (C₂F₅SO₂)₃C⁻, (C₄F₉SO₂)₃C⁻,(CF₃SO₂)₂(C₂F₅SO₂)C⁻, (C₄F₉SO₂)(C₂F₅SO₂)₂C⁻, (CF₃SO₂)(C₄F₉SO₂)N⁻,[(CF₃)₂NC₂F₄SO₂]₂N⁻, (CF₃)₂NC₂F₄SO₂C⁻(SO₂CF₃)₂,(3,5-bis(CF₃)C₆H₃)SO₂N⁻SO₂CF₃, C₆F₅SO₂C⁻(SO₂CF₃)₂, C₆F₅SO₂N⁻SO₂CF₃,

CF₃CHFO(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, CF₃CH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, CH₃CH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻,CH₃CH₂CH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, CH₃O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, C₂H₅O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, C₄H₉O(CF₂)₄SO₃⁻, C₆H₅CH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻, C₂H₅OCF₂CF(CF₃)SO₃ ⁻, CH₂═CHCH₂O(CF₂)₄SO₃ ⁻,CH₃OCF₂CF(CF₃)SO₃ ⁻, C₄H₉OCF₂CF(CF₃)SO₃ ⁻, C₈H₁₇O(C F₂)₂SO₃ ⁻, andC₄H₉O(CF₂)₂SO₃ ⁻.
 18. A process for imaging a photoresist comprising thesteps of: include a) coating a substrate with the composition of claim9; b) baking the substrate to substantially remove the solvent; c)image-wise exposing the photoresist coating; d) postexposure baking thephotoresist coating; and e) developing the photoresist coating with anaqueous alkaline solution.